Immaculate Conception Of The Virgin Mary - 2088 Words

â€Å"Immaculate conceptions do happen-† said Grandmother. â€Å"It happened when Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary. â€Å" Clara Christopher Harris was raised a devout Catholic; she attended Mass daily until she got into her seventies and was not able to attend on a regular basis. Having been raised to see the best in people, she looked to the positive side of things; her empathy extended past the elite society of Charleston- and, where her sympathies were concerned, there were no exclusions- whether you were rich or poor. â€Å"Now, Clara Belle, you know good and well that the only immaculate rapture that young woman experienced was when she laid down and spread her legs for that young man,† said Grandfather. Clara Harris was surprised that her husband would say such a thing in the presence of his granddaughter; she gave him a stern look and chided him gently. Grandfather harrumphed. â€Å"Excuse my bluntness, Allie; I forget myself at times,† her grandfather apologized. Henry Elijah Harris was a rowdy Virginian through and through. Born shortly after the Revolutionary War in which his father fought in and later died from injuries received thereof, he was reared by a widowed mother until his twelfth birthday when she too passed away. He then went to live with his father’s brother who was a fur-trader; he owned a trading post at the confluence of the Potomac River at Chesapeake Bay. His uncle died, leaving him the sole beneficiary of his business. Henry moved the business south into theShow MoreRelatedGiovanni Battista Tiepolos The Immaculate Conception779 Words   |  3 Pagesvisited so many places but the most important and interesting that I want to share with you is my visit to the MUSEO NACIONAL DEL PRADO museum in Madrid, which I get to see â€Å"The Immaculate Conception† artwork. It was created by a roman arti st Tiepolo, Giambattista during 1769-1769 in Rome Italy. Which shows the Virgin Mary appears on the globe of the World and the crescent Moon, stepping on the serpent of Original Sin and crowned by the Dove of the Holy Ghost. She is surrounded by angels and by someRead MoreThe Birth Story Of Jesus And Interpreting It Today1197 Words   |  5 Pagesit is perplexing how Mary, the mother of Jesus, miraculously conceived and bore a child as a virgin. On the surface it may seem that it can simply be explained as a one time, divine intervention by God, yet the details surrounding how this phenomenon occurred becomes much more complex after delving into the accounts of this event in the books of Matthew and Luke. There are many issues surrounding who and what the virgin Mary was in regards to her origins and the term virgin used to describe herRead MoreEssay A Comparison of Christmas in America and Spain784 Words   |  4 Pages8th, with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception; and ends on January 6th, or El Dia de los Reyes Magos (3 Kings Day). In between this time period there are four other celebrations, including the Day of the Innocent Saints occurring on December 28th, â€Å"Nochebuena† (The Good Night) being celebrated on Christmas Eve, Navidad (Christmas) being celebrated on Christmas Day, and Nochevieja (The Old Night) being celebrated on New Years Eve. The Feast of the Immaculate Conception is a celebration that is practicedRead MoreMythology in The Virgin Suicides561 Words   |  3 Pagesconjures up universal feedback. In the case of â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† by Jeffrey Eugenides one of the archetypes that we see play out throughout the novel is the one of The Virgin Mary. The Virgin Mary in â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† represents a sense of foreshadowing at the beginning and towards the end of the book, provide an allegory between the Libson girls and The Virgin Mary, and help deeper define the Libson girls. The Virgin Mary symbol in â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† foreshadows events that will play outRead MoreThe Birth Of Jesus And The Gospel Of Luke2259 Words   |  10 PagesGospel of Luke, various characters were mentioned which included, Mary, Joseph, Caesar Augustus, angel Gabriel, angels, Shepherds, Simeon, Anna, Zechariah. The Birth Narrative, became known through the announcement of the immaculate conception, with an angel announcing to Mary a women engaged to Joseph that she was to bear a child whom he shall be the son God. Mary was claimed to be puzzled by this announcement because she was a virgin but the angel Gabriel tried to make her understand it was throughRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : An Artist965 Words   |  4 Pagesreceived no formal education, da Vinci was able to understand the engineering behind many of his designs, some of which included the tank and crossbow (on a larger scale). As an artist, some of his ideal works included Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and Virgin of the Rocks. Leonardo da Vinci was employed by the Sforza family where he worked for them as their architecture and military advisor as well as a painter and sculptor. After working with the Sforza family for many years, da Vinci carried on withRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United States922 Words   |  4 Pages Mary has appeared 9 major approved times by the Catholic Church. She appears in times of trouble to urge people to recommit themselves to the church and inspire the conversion of sinners to Christianity. Paragraph on Marian Apparitions, the 9 sites One of these modern apparitions of the Virgin Mother was in Banneux, Belgium in 1933. 1929 saw the Wallstreet Crash in the United States which prompted the Great Depression. This dramatic downfall of the United States’ economy had repercussions inRead MoreA Paper On Art Appreciation838 Words   |  4 Pagesof Science degree in Marketing. By: James Urquhart Date: 02/10/16 Course: Art Appreciation Semester: Fall Words: 1273 (Not including cover page or reference page) Museum Project The Louvre: ‘The Louvre’ is the museum I researched, and ‘Virgin of the Rocks’ is the painting I decided to choose. The Louvre Museum is the largest in the world, and is situated in Paris, France. Around 35,000 objects are exhibited over an area of around 40 square miles. The Louvre is also the second most visitedRead MoreThe Protestant Reformers And The Catholic Church1500 Words   |  6 PagesChristian Life of Devout Catholics During the Medieval Era, the life of a devout Catholic consisted of regularly partaking of Eucharist, confessing sins at least once each year and reflecting on the saints of the church, especially the Blessed Virgin Mary. Subsequently, the rules for partaking of daily communion were declared by the Congregation of the Council Sacra Tridentina Synodus in 1905. The declaration reads â€Å"Frequent and daily Communion . . . should be open to all the faithful . . . soRead MoreMy First Experience Of A Roman Catholic Church1585 Words   |  7 Pagesmass before. I did not know what to expect or who I was going to meet. But, I knew the only way I could truly experience what Catholicism is all about, is if I go in, with an open mind set. The church that I visited was the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception located in Camden ,New Jersey. My trip was on Wednesday, July 19, 2017 at 12:05 pm. I chose this place not only because it is close to where I live. But, growing up, I have walked past this church multiple times and not once, have I opened

The Selection And The 2005 Film Beowulf And Grendel

Society has come a long way since the Middle Ages culturally and intellectually and can be clearly viewed throughout English literature. With this change comes a more abstract and evolved way of thinking. With that said, there is a massive distinction between the concepts and characters of the original text of the selection and the 2005 film Beowulf and Grendel. These differences include how the creators of the selections from the two societies use certain aspects to attract the attention of the audiences during their respected times in history and how the characters are portrayed in each works. In the epic poem of Beowulf it is evident that the religion displayed throughout the text is Christianity due to the number of biblical allusions presented throughout the text. For instance, Grendel was the name of this grim demon...he had dwelt for a time in misery among the banished monsters, Cain s clan, whom the creator had outlawed and condemned as outcasts. For the killing of Abel the E ternal Lord had exacted a price: Cain got no good from committing that murder. (102-109) is an example of a biblical allusion that demonstrates the distinction between good and evil and describes that the character of Grendel is an evil creature. In addition to this, the poem explains that good and evil are completely separate descriptions of people, or in this case creatures, in this world. You can not be both good and evil. During this era, all evil things were to be destroyed. In the worldShow MoreRelatedChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagespress, books were rare and precious (Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically

Masters degree application essays Free Essays

Essay 1 (1,000 words) Describe your career progress to date and your future short-term and long-term goals. How do you expect an MBA to help you achieve these goals, and why is now the best time for you to join our program? Content: A master is ever, but a learner, goes an old Chinese saying. The same is true for any man, no one may call himself a master who believes he knows all there is about his subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Masters degree application essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s ever changing, globalized-world, a true master must continue learning if he is to remain competitive. I do not claim to be a master trader. However, I too believe in the value of higher learning. After graduating high school, and having worked for two summers in a large investment bank, I started my own investment management firm at the tender age of 19. With the help of a few angel investors who entrusted me with $50,000 each, I not only significantly grew their investments but the profits from my business were sufficient to fund my four years of university studies AND finance my travel to several countries mentoring high school children and visiting mentoring programs outside of the USA. In my travels I raised money for the university which I attended. During and after my tenure in the university I was served the role of their European ambassador. I have also done the same work for several non-profit organizations such as ABC, DEF, and GHI, all of which focus on the mentoring and training of leadership skills to high school students for them to become better community leaders. My leadership in a community oriented NGO is different from the type of leadership I exercise at work. In my business the objective is to maximize the value of our investor’s money. Success is measured by the growth in their investments and the increased trust this generates. By comparison Ulpan is about giving educational opportunities to predominantly Jewish high school students. ORT is very similar in its goals. My hard work is rewarded by seeing our beneficiaries motivated and eager to take the path of higher education as a means to success. The drastically different metrics of my community service broadens my horizon as a leader. My current job trading at an investment firm, I improved their existing procedures for monitoring our market positions during volatile periods and developed a â€Å"pop-up† system to handle trades more efficiently and make decisions faster. I made an immediate impact. We are now able to monitor approximately 10% of our daily volume and take property risk management decisions in a fast and volatile market where time is of the essence. Using my native insight I found an opportunity for growth in the company. However, I faced the inertia associate with any kind of meaningful change. Despite the cost of lost, personal, man hours. I pushed my plan past the bureaucracy offering potential benefits that far outweighed the costs of the project. Taking responsibility for my unpopular stance, my assumption of leadership led to my taking the risk of losing my job if the project failed. With a lack of popular support a failure to improve profits or a net loss would severely afflict my reputation in the firm and in the industry. However I stood my ground and pursued what I knew was a good idea. As a result, I was now looked upon as a leader that brought positive change to my firm. Even in my early youth I understood that my current level of learning was not enough. By practicing what I had already learned and working in the field of my choice I was able to expand my practical knowledge. However, I also believe that practical experience must go hand-in-hand with expanded theoretical training. Hence, I desire to obtain an MBA. My ultimate goal is to head a financial firm which will manage wealth for non-profit organizations to help them grow at a faster pace and be able to focus more on their advocacies in their respective communities rather than struggling to raise funds and managing assets, tasks that are far from their competencies. An MBA will help me achieve this dream by expanding my horizons and making me even more capable of competing for marginal gains and derivatives that have become harder and harder to obtain. In the United States, this is more common with university endowments and major non-profit organizations which have asset managers steering the funds to competitive investment returns. However, in Europe and Asia, this almost doesn’t exist. As a result, most European and Asian NGOs are in quandary trying to husband their funds effectively but at the same need to disburse it for their projects. I want to bridge this gap and bring financial management expertise to global non-profits and help them become even stronger. By my efforts, I will allow the non-profits to bring better service to the community, faster, and more efficiently. An MBA will enhance my skills and improve my ability to maximize the wealth of these organizations and spare them from the having to worry about raising funds. I take personal pride as I have been involved in my own community, mentoring high school students, helping them make decisions about their future, whether it be academically, professionally or personally. My work with several non-profits, coupled with my financial expertise as a trader can bring tremendous change to both the financial and non-profit industries. I want to create this new niche, a new service and make the non-profit sector even more influential. This is my dream. This is my goal. And this brings my two passions, the financial market and community service, into one, gratifying job. With an MBA, the skills learned, the network I have access to, I can realize this dream. Now is the time to go for it. My hopes are high and my time is neigh. I am young, eager and hungry for wisdom, wisdom I will gladly put to good use. Essay 2 (500 words) Tell us a situation in which you were an outsider. What did you learn from the experience? Content: When I first joined my current firm an archaic system was used to monitor trades. Everyday there were orders passed through our desk. This resulted in too much effort diverted to time consuming monitoring work and we ran the peril of having to make risk management decisions on the spot. Often we would have to wait until the end of the day to review our book and take action on hedging ourselves. This manner of operations was untenable, in the volatile industry I was in, up to the minute decision making was vital to success or failure. To improve this, I immediately proposed a â€Å"pop-up† window function that takes snapshots of all the vital information we would need   to know about the orders passing through our desks. For example, trade size, currency traded and margin level are included in this data. This drastically improved the way the trading desk monitors transactions, especially in times of extreme market volume and volatility. Regretfully, I encountered considerable resistance from my peers and upper management. Our technical department said it would take months to develop the proposed system because they were overloaded with work and writing the script would take weeks. Stephane, our head of trading appreciated my initiative but failed to prioritize it. Fortunately, our managing director, Nick gave his approval for my leadership in this project. With his approval in hand, I put pen to paper, outlining the method which I wanted implemented and convinced our technical department to prioritize the project. I wrote them a memo stating very clearly that upper management fully supported my efforts and I emphasized that successful implementation would boost profits on a daily basis. This in turn would put the technical department in the limelight for having developed such a useful tool. My inspirational leadership conscripted the aid of our technical department and the pop-up was developed in one week and was an immediate success. We are now able to monitor approximately 10% of our daily volume, which amounts to $150 million, and take proper risk management decisions in the fast, volatile market where time is of the essence. Based on my estimates, this results in a cost savings of about 4% a month which redound to increased profits. Using my native insight I found an opportunity for growth in the company. However, I faced the inertia associate with any kind of meaningful change. Despite the cost of lost, personal, man hours. I pushed my plan past the bureaucracy offering potential benefits that far outweighed the costs of the project. Taking responsibility for my unpopular stance, my assumption of leadership led to my taking the risk of losing my job if the project failed. With a lack of popular support a failure to improve profits or a net loss would severely afflict my reputation in the firm and in the industry. However I stood my ground and pursued what I knew was a good idea. As a result, I was now looked upon as a leader that brought positive change to my firm. Essay 3 (500 words) Where in your background would we find evidence of your leadership capacity and/or potential? Evidence of my leadership potential can be found in my work as project organizer for Ulpan in Warsaw, Poland and The ORT Foundation in Geneva, Switzerland. Ulpan provides educational opportunities for high school students, who are predominantly Jewish, who seek a better education in the United States. The ORT foundation provides mentoring to high school students to help them decide on career-paths and how to go about realizing their professional dreams. I organized cross-border contact through mail and email correspondence, allowing young people to build and maintain connections with peers in the US. My accomplishments with these two organizations are integrally associated with me and very close to my heart. As a child, I was helped by a mentor, David, and with his help, have succeeded in pursuing my dreams with much confidence. NGO work requires out-of-the-box thinking and creative decision making. For example, bringing a Jewish teenager from the Warsaw ghetto and providing him with a scholarship to study in a University requires a wide variety of skills. First, the child must be motivated to make the most out of his talents. I must be inspirational and optimistic to provide the necessary motivation. Second, If the mentee still has areas of improvement I may be tasked with nurturing and uncovering his talents. Third, obtaining a scholarship will require taking with benefactors who may later become potential investors in the child’s future. This requires negotiation skills equal to that of a boardroom raider. Finally, my decisions require reflective hindsight because in many ways I am responsible to the benefactors for the success of their beneficiary. In the end nothing is more rewarding than receiving letters from the student that he is doing well in school and on the way to a bright future. NGO work is a challenging as any task on the trading floor. It makes the most out of my skills and encourages me to continue learning. My unique background as a trader brings a skill set that is not common in the Ulpan or ORT foundation, making my contributions even more valuable to these organizations. My background and insight have resulted in the foundation taking opportunities it might have otherwise not identified. Finally, because I am constantly learning my leadership in these foundations have given me valuable experiences in dealing with others that I can carry with me back to my day job, My leadership in a community oriented NGO is different from the type of leadership I exercise at work. In my business the objective is to maximize the value of our investor’s money. Success is measured by the growth in their investments and the increased trust this generates. By comparison Ulpan is about giving educational opportunities to predominantly Jewish high school students. ORT is very similar in its goals. My hard work is rewarded by seeing our beneficiaries motivated and eager to take the path of higher education as a means to success. The drastically different metrics of my community service broadens my horizon as a leader. How to cite Masters degree application essays, Essay examples

Ancient Women Powerfull or Powerless free essay sample

In ancient world, men’s and women’s life were highly segregated. Man worked in public places while women were confined to their homes, where they managed the household and raised children with the help of slave. This does not mean that women did not have a social, public and economic life. David Cohen says that Athenian women participated in many activities such as working in fields, acting as nurse and many other activities. Women were considered week in front of men, role’s of men were given more importance than roles of women. The role of women may differ depending upon the class of the women or the region of Greece she belong. It is believed that Spartan women enjoyed more freedom than Athenian women. Women also participated in religious festivals and in a sacrifice as said by Cohen. The relationship of women with man is made evident through the household, government and in wars. Women also had some political ability which has been made evident through the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes where Lysistrata portrays the political ability by bringing the devastating Peloponnesian was to a end. The roles played by men and women in ancient Greek society are made evident through the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes. In the play an indication is given of women’s role in the households and their relationship with man. As this play was written by a male playwright it also provides a male point of view towards women. Women role were confined to the house where they produce legitimate children and ensuring that that household activities were executed. Sarah Pomeroy say, â€Å"The primary duty of citizen women towards the polis[city] was the production of legitimate heirs to the oikoi, or families, whose aggregate comprised the citizenry. † The women place was seen being within the home as Lysistrata provides evidence of this when, Cleonice, states, †¦but its not easy, you know, for women to leave the house. One is busy pottering about her husband; another is getting the servant up; a third is putting her child asleep or washing the brat or feeding it. Households were the only place in which women have power, as they were in command. The role of women to produce legitimate children was viewed as a most important duty of women. Women also participated in rites and rituals. The burial rites were most likely the mid ritual women were involved with. The roles of women in rituals are concerned with how Athenian women participated in religious festivals as stated in Lysistrata. This displays that Greek women participated in r ites and rituals. The elationship between men and women in ancient Greek society illustrates the role of women was in relation to household duties and everyday affairs. A Women’s actions were expected to be respectful towards men and were dependent upon their husbands. The women’s were not also able to have an initiate communication with one, as it is displayed in Lysistrata when Lysistrata addresses the magistrate who then replies back, You disgusting creature, as he is appalled with her nonconformist manner. Men did not believe that women’s were capable of running the state as their political roles were viewed with contempt; despite the fact that they run the households in an efficient manner. Politics was not the business of women their business was confined to their household activities. This is displayed in Lysistrata when she asks about the affairs of the state and the response she receives is, Shut up and mind your own business! The involvement of women in war is seen in the same way as their involvement in politics. Go and attend to your work; let war be the care of the men folks. † This is from Lysistrata shows the reply to women’s involvement on the war effort. However, Lysistrata says that women did contribute greatly to the war, â€Å"We’ve given you sons, and then had to send them off to fight. † Women did have power within the households but they did not have any power over men, this is the reason why women did not posses many roles in the p olitics. The male view of women portrayed throughout the play is degrading of women. Popular opinion through the play is that women are drunkards and sex-crazed. In Lysistrata it states, If it had been a Bacchus celebration theyd been asked to attend or something in honor of Pan or Aphrodite particularly Aphrodite! You wouldnt have been able to move. This extract shows the opinion as Bacchus was the god of wine and Aphrodite the goddess of love, therefore implying that these are the festivals the women took pleasure in. The men also viewed women as being sub-human as said in Lysistrata, â€Å"There is no beast as shameless as a women. The women’s were also believed to be sensitive and emotional. The overall male view about women were seen as insignificant and an annoyance. All these roles played by women were slightly varied between the different cultures. Athenian women were different from Spartan women as their lives were much freer, as is alluded to in Lysistrata when the Spartan, Lampito, comments on her daily activities, If we were in training. There is also mention of the Metic women in Lysistrata who were able to carry out commercial roles. However, despite these differences, the women of citizen families, whether they were of middle class or royalty, still carried out the same roles and still had very little freedom and rights. It is made evidently apparent all the roles which women played in ancient Greek society and their relationship with men through these roles. Women in ancient Greece were given little to no freedom and rights, and their only true place of power was in the household.

AirTrain Newark Essays

AirTrain Newark Essays AirTrain Newark Essay AirTrain Newark Essay You will need to examine the external factors that affect the development f the industry, for example: environmental, room layout liaison with police, licensing laws, traffic and crowd control: socio-cultural considerations, specific protocols, speech making, diet; political, subsidized provision, free meals, the economy, budget targets: technological, lighting, sound systems, specialist equipment. Task 2 ALL Understand the financial controls used in food and beverage operations PA: critically assess the key strategic and operational issues involved in the effective management of a given conference or banquet. ( AC 2. ) PA: discuss performance and quality review techniques used by the Conference and banqueting industry. (AC 2. 2) PA: Consider administrative procedures such as; booking diary; the contract; pricing and packaging; discounting initiatives and space utilization. What were the licensing law implications, health and safety legislation egg. Health and Safety at Work Act 1 97 4 (HASH); hygiene regulations? Were there any religious and cultural guidelines, room design, seating plans, role of master of ceremonies? PA: What were the evaluation and review techniques, client and guest evaluation procedures, venue appraisal and profit realization? Individual Powering presentation of 10 miss for PA PA Task g ALL Be able to devise menus for hospitality events 104 Be able to provide food and beverage services for hospitality events PA: Evaluate the suitability of a range of food production systems and styles and food and beverage service styles for a given conference or banquet. (AC 3. 1) PA: Discuss factors to consider when organizing an off-site conference or banquet. (AC 3. 2) PA: Analyses the key menu planning considerations for conference and banqueting events (AC 3. 3) PA: assess the ergonomic considerations for a given conference or banquet AC 4. ) PA: Explain food production styles and food beverage service styles and systems. Evaluate all the systems and styles and justify why you WOUld choose any particular system and style for the conference or banquet. PA: Give details of the site and the problems involved in transferring equipment to it How will food be prepared and where? What are the environmental issues concerni ng waste management and disposal. What are the provisions for emergencies?

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Nowadays, the question of potential legalization of anabolic steroids is discussed in various scientific circles. Current paper deals with all main aspects of this issue evaluating the arguments for and against legalization. Legal issues, such as the access to free competition and equal rights of all sportsmen, are examined. In general, the critical analysis of various positions demonstrates that anabolic steroids as well as other performance enhancers should not be allowed because all sportsmen have to be in equal initial conditions, and all forms of illegal advantages should be strictly prohibited. Should Performance Enhancers (Anabolic Steroids) Be Allowed in Sports? The utilitarian arguments regarding potential advantages of steroids legalization are examined and their logical flaws are specified. Some broad sociological and economic aspects are present for the complex understanding of the situation, and the paper explains their relation to legal issues. In general, the paper contributes to understanding of sports law as it shows that no conflict between utilitarian arguments and basic individual rights and liberties exists. First of all, it is necessary to briefly outline the current status of performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Nowadays, the use of steroids or other drugs is officially considered immoral. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited by all major sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. The supporters of legalization claim that the use of drugs does not affect competition more than modern equipment that also creates advantages for some sportsmen (Atkinson, 2011). However, such comparison is invalid for several reasons: Firstly, the supposed violation of law and rights of others in one area does not make such violations in other spheres moral. Secondly, the use of modern equipment really creates additional advantages for some sportsmen, but it is an example of fair competition because it is allowed by sports regulations and it does not violate the rights of others. At the same time, the use of drugs violates the rights of other sportsmen who follow regulations and thus creates unfair advantages. The relevant aspect in this context is not whether some actions or procedures create potential advantages or not but rather their influence on the rights of other parties involved. The opposite position about prohibiting everything that creates any sort of additional advantages will lead to a contradiction as the whole training process and the essence of sports per se aims at demonstrating higher results than other participants (i.e. demonstrating one’s advantages). Thus, the factors that increase sportsmen’s results should not be prohibited on the basis of such positive impact. However, from this statement does not follow that all types of stimulators are performance enhancers. One of main sports goals is demonstrating the highest achievements of human body and spirit. For example, viewers are interested not in high speed per se but in understanding what speed is attainable for individuals that follow the generally accepted rules. Consequently, the abolition of any restrictions will lead to the absence of sports ideas and its substitution by machines’ competition. Thus, the decision about the potential regulations and prohibitions should be based on the structure of all participants’ rights. As the International Olympic Committee and other similar organizations always explicitly state which drugs are prohibited, it demonstrates the rules for all sportsmen and established the boundaries of fair competition. Another argument of supporters of legalization refers to the empirical fact that performance enhancers have been using throughout history even in Ancient Times. Thus, they claim that as enhancers cannot be completely avoided, they should be legalized. However, this statement contains a logical error, as well. The fact of regulations’ violation does not make such violations desirable. For example, stealing is also observed throughout history, however, it does not make it legal or socially desirable. Although there is a fraction of people willing to obtain unfair advantages, such practices should not be legalized. On the contrary, they may help to differentiate within the whole set of participants and exclude those sportsmen who violate the rights of others. Another possible argument in favor of legalization refers to the fact that doping control is very expensive and these funds may be used more effectively (Atkinson, 2011). However, it seems to be unsupported, as well. It is correct that control efforts (that include not only doping control during competition) lead to additional expenses. Moreover, such funds could be directed to other fields if the problem of unfair competition did not exist. However, it exists and requires additional controlling efforts. Using an analogy, it may be stated that the absence of criminal activities could allow reducing expenses associated with police activities. At the same time, the existence of such expenses under the current conditions does not seem unreasonable. Anti-doping authorities often explain that all sportsmen should have equal opportunities. However, this statement should be correctly interpreted. The main idea is not removing all sources of inequality (as it is impossible even theoretically, as well as it negates the essence of sports competition) but respecting the rights of all participants. In this way, the boundaries of fair competition are identical for all people. It corresponds to the meaning of fair competition. An additional ethical aspect should be clarified. Nowadays, professional sports demonstrate the highest results of the human body without any artificial performance enhancers. Thus, people willing to improve or at least maintain their health may participate in professional sports. However, it will be impossible if anabolic steroids are legalized. As they artificially increase one’s sports results, it will be evident a priori that professional sportsmen will have significant health problems in the future. Therefore, a large number of potential sportsmen will refuse to select this occupation. Moreover, viewers prefer understanding professional sport as a tool of promoting a healthy lifestyle, and the negation of health in the initial instructions will not guarantee the necessary interest within the population. If performance enhancers are allowed, it will almost exclude the majority of developing countries from competition. At the present moment, the countries with high standard of living have some advantages; however, other countries also demonstrate significant results in some sports spheres. If legalization is adapted, the financial factor will become the main one and the global interest to sports will decline as only several the most financially successful countries will compete in all kinds of sports. The International Olympic Committee declares that sport should be promoted all over the world and the realization of this principle may become problematic in case of legalization (Werner Hatton, 2011). Thus, it is evident that there is no contradiction between utilitarian arguments that try to satisfy the interests of all parties involved and the legal perspective. If rights of all sportsmen are protected, the general social satisfaction is maximized, as well. Therefore, it is reasonable to concentrate on expanding the principles of fair competition to all spheres, as well as providing the strict control over the fulfillment of these regulations. It is possible to use random statistical selection for doping control in some minor sports events while during the Olympic Games and various world championships all participants should pass the test procedures. Current system of double-testing seems to be reasonable as it reduces the probability of error to almost zero. As all sportsmen understand that any violations may be immediately detected, they will modify their behavior accordingly and the temptation to use drugs will decrease. Although sports committees cannot determine the specific actions of all sportsmen, they may affect their incentive structures that indirectly influence their actual behavior (Donahue et al., 2007). It seems that the number of regulations should be minimal, but they should be adequately enforced. In particular, sports committees should outline the list of prohibited drugs and make this information available for all interested people. Then, the effective control systems should be introduced and the main attention should be paid to such sports events as the Olympic Games. Sports authorities should not make any value or moral judgments but be entirely concentrated on the legal perspective. All moral conclusions may be formulated by the public and it will lead to higher sports popularity worldwide. Our SamplesThe best way to know how to write good essays is by getting a sample of an essay from competent experts online. We can give you the essay examples you need for future learning. Free Essay Examples are here. The advocates of legalization also claim that under the present conditions all famous sportsmen experience some forms of uncertainty and suspicion from the public. It occurs due to the fact that both viewers and officials want to receive the results of doping tests that will confirm the absence of any prohibited drugs in the blood or body of a given sportsman (Atkinson, 2011). Thus, the advocates of this position suggest that if anabolic steroids are legalized, no additional confirmation is needed, and the winners may receive their fame immediately. However, it is necessary to examine this position in detail: Firstly, the goal of sports committees is not maximizing the psychological satisfaction of the winners at any price but ensuring the proper following of all generally approved requirements. Secondly, it is unclear whether this satisfaction would actually increase as most people prefer winning in fair competition. Thirdly, sports fans usually see sport events as an example of equal opportunities (at least, in the legal sense). Thus, the legalization of steroids may negatively affect their interest and ultimate demand for such events (Ozdemir et al., 2005). As a result, sports competitions may become less prestigious and may generate fewer amounts of money and other privileges (sponsor contracts, advertizing proposals, the overall reputation in society, etc.) for the winners. Taking into account all these considerations, it may be expected that all participants (and especially the future champions) are interested in fair competition and equal standards for all sportsmen. It seems that regulations and sports instructions should not create additional risks and threats for sportsmen. The nature of modern professional sport is such that substantial health risks are present in any case. However, their amount should not be artificially increased. It is evident that legalization of anabolic steroids will make the traditional (without using any drugs) winning of any serious championships absolutely impossible. Nowadays, many sportsmen are examples and role models for young people, but it seems that the situation may change if the public is aware that all champions use steroids. Therefore, the potential legalization may have negative consequences for the US society in general. Theoretically, there is another alternative to the issue under consideration. For example, two leagues may exist. The first one will operate on the traditional basis and anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers will be prohibited. In the second league, the use of drugs will be legal and sportsmen from different leagues will compete only within their leagues. Such proposal is legally coherent as no one is forced to use drugs and is free to choose the optimal alternative from his/her point of view. The viewers’ rights are protected as well because they may choose any league they like and the use of steroids in one of them is known from the very beginning. Although this option is possible from the legal perspective, it is not highly plausible that these two leagues will emerge in the near future. Such separation will not allow economizing substantial financial resources as strict doping control in one of the leagues will be still needed. Moreover, some expenses will even increase as it will be necessary to organize much more events and forums for both leagues. However, the consumer demand for these events is limited and the profitability rates may decrease. As sports fans prefer determining the only champion in each kind of sport (that will be impossible in the new format), it is not likely that this idea will be supported by the public. Various health-oriented organizations may explicitly argue against any sports projects that allow using doping. It may negatively affect the reputation of sports organizations and lead to numerous social conflicts in sport. Thus, under the current state of the consumer demand and public preferences, it is unlikely that the idea of two separate leagues may be realized in the actual practice. The advocates of legalization also suggest that it may help to solve problems of the Hall of Fame voting. Even the smallest doping suspicion of an athlete may not allow him/her being selected. Therefore, some experts propose to legalize drugs to make this process more clear and timely. However, the problem of determining the best representatives of some profession exists not only in sports and it is important to verify all relevant aspects in order to guarantee the correspondence of a given candidate to the existing rules. For example, the works of all scientists are verified in relation to their originality; if any plagiarism issues are found, it leads to serious negative consequences for a given scientist. In fact, he/she cannot expect to receive any significant reward in the future due to his/her reputation as a result of such issues. The similar principles may be observed in sports. Federations and public in general wish to have evidences that a given athlete follows all recommendations and does not violate the rights of other participants. Although such test procedures require time and financial expenses, they are the necessary attribute of any fair competition (Eber, 2009). It seems that the function of the Hall of Fame is to praise the most talented and successful sportsmen rather than facilitating the process of inclusion of potential candidates. The effectiveness of doping control depends on the actual implementation of the main regulations. There are two main options that exist in this context. The first one is large government involvement. The second one is independent regulations of corresponding sports leagues. The supporters of the first initiative suggest that the government may be more efficient in enforcing all relevant rules and even develop new legal obligations for the citizens. However, it seems that the second option may generate much better results for several reasons: Firstly, the government operates on the basis of tax-collected funds. It means that the redistribution of wealth takes place and involuntary actions are observed. The legal and sociological theories show that social systems work more productively if they are organized on a completely voluntary basis. Secondly, independent leagues are better aware of all internal problems and are more responsive to the external challenges. The government may use a large number of experts, but their overall coordination will not be based on the profit-and-loss system and higher bureaucratization may emerge (Showalter, 2007). Thirdly, independent leagues are interested in timely decisions of the existing problems and try to find the most rational decisions from the social and economic point of view. At the same time, government agencies do not have strong incentive structures for searching timely solutions and their decisions are mostly based on the political desirability rather than economic calculation. Thus, it seems that government involvement in this process should be minimized as it negatively affects the realization of basic sports principles. Unfortunately, it is problematic to completely separate sport from politics as during the Olympic Games and other forums sportsmen represent not only them and their team but the country in general. Therefore, some political pressure from national governments is often present. However, it is reasonable to limit government presence in all sports spheres as it negatively affects the implementation of principles of fair competition (Showalter, 2007). Moreover, the prohibition of anabolic drugs may be effectively enforced without the government participation in this process. As these regulations may be introduced by independent leagues, penalties may be different in various kinds of sports. At the same time, it does not constitute serious problems because each kind of sports has its specifics that should be reflected in corresponding rules. The most important thing is the recognition of the illegal nature of anabolic steroids and the understanding of introducing corresponding penalties for those sportsmen who try to receive unfair competitive advantages. It seems that not all sports federations pay the necessary attention to the problem of doping. In particular, soccer and some other team sports federations do not suggest it to be this issue their main responsibility. Although the net effect of doping in team sports seems to be less than in individual ones, the respect to other sportsmen’s rights should be maintained in all sports spheres. Thus, soccer and other sports federations should ensure the fulfillment of all fair competition requirements. It will increase the sports’ popularity among people worldwide and may generate additional revenues for federations. The close analysis of various arguments regarding the potential legalization of anabolic steroids has shown that they are unsupported and have substantial logical errors. All athletes should have equal rights and follow the generally accepted rules that are developed by the corresponding federations. The analogy of anabolic steroids with the modern equipment is incorrect because equipment’s advantages are not based on the violation of other people’s rights. Although doping control is expensive, it is the necessary element of expenses because all sports fans are interested in fair competition. Their demand for sports events is based on the assumption that all participants have equal opportunities. If this assumption is not followed, many viewers will shift their demand to other spheres. The potential legalization of performance enhancers will create serious problems for developing countries and will reduce the overall level of competition. The analysis demonstrates that there is no contradiction between the basic legal rights and utilitarian arguments. Sportsmen may be accepted to the Hall of Fame only when their doping tests are thoroughly evaluated and it is correct as only those athletes who follow all regulations may receive the chance of being selected. It is determined that the control over the fulfillment of anti-doping requirements should be delegated to independent leagues rather than national governments. Sports leagues are better aware of the local situation and are highly motivated in finding the most timely and efficient solution. Some differences among various sports federations may exist, but all of them should share the basic principles of doping control and penalties. It is especially relevant for soccer and other team sports federations. In any case, the use of anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers should not be allowed in sport.

Seeds of Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seeds of Freedom - Essay Example The improvement of technology has led to a change in farming techniques. Human labour has been replaced with the use of machines and the use of organic fertilizer is also alternated with chemically induced inorganic fertilizers. The use of chemicals in farming has led to the introduction of chemical hybrid seeds which has made the seed to lose its vitality. In traditional farming, sowing of seeds depended on their adaptive environment. The modern farming technologies have led to the introduction of seeds which are compatible and highly adaptive to climate change (Nelson 16). Scientists attribute this changes to climate alterations, biodiversity and nutrition change. Their basic argument is that there is need for various places around the world to grow different forms of crops regardless of their climatic differences. Private organizations have privatized the world food system by controlling the seed hybrid. Mono-crops such as tea and coffee have replaced the traditional indigenous crops. Genetically modified crops have replaced the natural crops in the world market since most farmers have adapted to the new farming system because the GM crops have higher yields compared to the natural crops and are also resistant to drought (Nelson 23). Since the introduction of genetic engineered crops in 1954, the world has experience loss of biodiversity as farmers are currently forced to use super pesticides and super weed control chemicals as weeds and pests have also formed adaptive features thus the need of to use stronger control mechanisms. In this case, the seed has become more dangerous rather than useful. India and Mexico have recently reported cases of food poisoning which were affiliated to genetically modified crops. it is important to consider human life before focusing towards making

Budgeting Procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Budgeting Procedures - Essay Example The FY 07-08 Budget also reflects the culmination of a substantial effort by City staff to include performance measures for all City programs (Adopted Annual Budget, 2007-08). While this effort is still in its developmental stage, the performance measures will provide a better connection between budget resources and desired outcomes. Usually, annual budgets are adopted on a basis consistent with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and the City uses a cash basis for budgeting governmental funds (Adopted Annual Budget, 2007-08).Yearly appropriated budgets are accepted for the General, Special Revenue, Debt Service and Enterprise Funds. All operating and capital expenditures and revenues are recognized in the budgeting process because of the want for appropriation authority. This paper will therefore focus on analyzing and evaluating the budget. According to the Adopted Annual Budget (2007-08), the process for preparing and adopting the city's annual budget and levying a property tax rate is conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 200 of the Florida statutes and the city's code of ordinance. Chapter 200, Florida statues outlines the budget process beginning with the certification of taxable value on or before July 1 by the country property appraiser. The setting of the millage rate and budget involves a formal process also known as Truth in Millage Act. TRIM serves to formalize the tax levying and budget adoption process by requiring a specific method of calculating the tax rate and any increase, the form of notice to property owners, and public hearing and advertisement requirements prior to the adoption of the annual budget and tax rate. Development of the Annual Budget is comprised of three major initiatives: strategic planning and financial trends outlook, 5 year capital improvements programs development and operating budget preparation. The budget is entirely prepared to accept the accounting system at the start of the fiscal year. A number of GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) adjustments are made to reflect balance sheet requirements and their effect on the budget. These include changes in designations and recognition of accrued liabilities. Amounts needed for such long term liabilities as future payoff of accumulated employee vacation and sick leave (i.e. compensated absences) are generally not budgeted but are adjusted or reported for the actual amounts incurred as a result of an employee resignation or retirement. Usually, a four step process is followed to come up with the budget. This involves preliminary planning and preparation, review, adoption and monitoring. During the preliminary planning stage, the city council meets in January/ February to review the city's strategic priorities. Later on (March/April), the council is provided with a financial trends outlook for the city's three operating funds. In a workshop setting, the city council reviews and discusses major budget trends and then provides policy direction for preparation of the upcoming fiscal year budget. The budget preparation stage follows up in January whereby a 5 year CIP process is initiated with various departments. The CIP for the upcoming fiscal year is the only year in which actual funding is appropriated. The five year CIP serves as the basis for

CAPM Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CAPM - Term Paper Example Since capital asset pricing model is not a valid method, there are alternative methods used instead of CAPM. Alternative method includes weighted average cost of capital plus the tailor made marker risk assessment method. The paper ill illustrate the reason as to why the weighted average cost of capital is a better method/approach than the capital asset pricing model method. A brief conclusion will summarize why capital asset is a biased methodology and present why WACC is a better method in assessing cost of capital. Beta measures investment risk of non-diversified venture. Beta measures risk of an already diversified investment portfolio. Beta risk is the only risk which investors do receive a relatively high return than the risk free interest rate. The beta part of asset serves to measure riskiness in an asset. Beta measures individual asset risks and represents non diversifiable risk part of an asset. Beta of a portfolio is an average measure of all individual betas of an asset. Individual asset standard deviation squared measures risks associated with deviations/fluctuation of asset rate of return over time. According to the CAPM, investors are compensated for taking risk and so as to capture the element of time value of money in valuation of risky assets. The risk free rate captures the time value of money in the above formula.it shows how an investor ought to be invested for putting resources in a certain investment over time. Beta is a measure of risk in the model2. The decision rule in the model is that an investment is only undertaken when the expected return meets required return in an investment3. A security market line shows the relationship between CAPM results and various risks in the capital market. Risky assets are the assets which are traded in the asset market. Risk free assets refer to the process of lending and borrowing of assets with a certain interest rate. The CAPM assumes information on

Colon Specific Drug Delivery

Colon Specific Drug Delivery ABSRACT The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can takes place. Colon specific drug delivery has achieved importance for the delivery of drugs for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon like crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis etc. as well as for the systemic delivery of proteins, therapeutic peptides, antiasthmatic drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antidiabetic agents. A drug need to be protected from degradation, release and absorption in the upper part of GIT and then to be ensured abrupt and controlled release in the proximal colon. This article reviews a detailed study about need of colon specific drug delivery, limitation and challenges, factors affecting colonic drug delivery, different approaches of colon including some successful novel approaches such as CODESTM, Pulsinicap system, Port system, Colal pred system, Multiparticulate system and also a study on evaluation for site specific drug delivery to colon. INTRODUCTION Drug administration through an oral route is the most convenient and important route of administering drugs for systemic effect. At about 50% of the drug delivery systems available in the market are oral drug delivery systems and these systems have more benefits due to patient acceptance and ease of administration. During the last decade considerable interest has been given in developing site-specific formulations for targeting drugs to the colon. Colon specific drug delivery has achieved increased importance not only for the delivery of the drugs for the treatment of local disorders associated with the colon like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation but also for the systemic delivery of proteins and peptides, antihypertensive drugs, antiasthmatic drugs and antidiabetic agents. The colon specific drug delivery system should have capability to protect the drug en route to the colon i.e. drug release and drug absorption should not occur in the stomach as well as the small intestine, and the bioactive agent should not be degraded in either of the dissolution sites but only released and absorbed once the system reaches the colon.1 Colon targeted drug delivery would additionally be valuable when a delay in absorption is desired from a therapeutically point of view in the treatment of diseases that have peak symptoms early in the morning, such as nocturnal asthma, angina or arthritis. The rapid advancement of biotechnology and genetic engineering resulted into availability of peptides and proteins at reasonable costs; there has been an increased interest in utilizing the colon as site for drug absorption. The potential candidates in this respect include analgesic peptides, oral vaccines, contraceptive peptides, growth hormone, insulin, erythropoietin, interferon, and interleukins (Saffran et al., 1988; Mackay and Tomlinson, 1993).2 The colon is a suitable absorption site for peptides and protein drugs due to: i) less diversity and intensity of digestive enzymes ii) less proteolytic activity of colon mucosa resulting in better prevention from hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation in duodenum and jejunum iii) increased systemic bioavailability iv) long colon residence time (5 days) and high responsiveness to absorption enhancers. There are number of methods or techniques through which colon drug targeting can be achieved, such as formation of prodrug, coating with pH sensitive polymers, coating with biodegradable polymers, designing formulations using polysaccharides, timed release system, pressure-controlled drug delivery systems, osmotic pressure controlled systems etc. Need of colon targeted drug delivery Colon targeted drug delivery system would asssure direct treatment at the disease site, lower dosing and fewer systemic side effects. Site-specific drug delivery system would allow oral administration of protein and peptide drugs, colon-specific formulation could also be used to prolong the drug delivery. Colon-specific drug delivery system is useful in the treatment of colon diseases. The colon is a site where both local or systemic drug delivery could be achieved. Topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, e.g. ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. These inflammatory conditions are majorly treated with glucocorticoids and sulphasalazine (targeted). A number of others serious disorders of the colon, e.g. colorectal cancer, may also be capable of being treated more effectively if drugs were targeted to the colon. Formulations for colonic delivery are also suitable for delivery of drugs which are polar and/or susceptible to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the upper GI tract, highly affected by hepatic first pass metabolism, in particular, therapeutic proteins and peptides.3 Limitations and challenges in colon targeted drug delivery system A challenge in the development of colon specific drug delivery systems is to set up an appropriate dissolution testing method for in-vitro evaluation of the designed system. This is due to the rationale after a colon specific drug delivery system is quite different. As a site for drug delivery, the colon provides a near neutral pH, low digestive enzymatic activity, a long transit time and enhanced sensitivity to absorption enhancers; however, the targeting of drugs to the colon is very complicated. Owing to its location in the distal part of the alimentary canal, the colon is predominantly difficult to access. In addition to that the variation in pH values and different enzymes present throughout the gastrointestinal tract, through which the dosage form has to pass before reaching the target site, further complicate the consistency and delivery efficiency. Successful delivery through this site also needs the drug to be in solution form before it reaches the colon or alternatively, it should dissolve in the luminal fluids of the colon, but this can be a limiting factor for poorly soluble drugs as the fluid content in the colon is much lower and it is more viscous than in the upper part of the GI tract. The stability of the drug is also taken into consideration while designing a drug delivery system, because it may bind nonspecific way to dietary residues, intestinal secretions, mucus or faecal matter. Low surface area and relative tightness of the tight junctions in the colon can also limit drug transport across the mucosa and into the systemic circulation.4 Anatomy and physiology of colon The gastrointestinal tract is hollow muscular tube. It takes in nutrients and eliminate waste by such physiological processes as secretion, motility, digestion, absorption and excretion. Depending on structure and functions, the gastrointestinal tract is divided into the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The large intestine is approximately 1.5m in length and extends from the ileocaecal junctions to the anus. It is divided into four parts: caecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.5 The entire colon is approximately 5 feet (150 cm) long, and is divided into five major portions. Peritoneal folds called as mesentery which is supported by ascending and descending colon. The right colon consists of the caecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure and the right half of the transverse colon. The left colon consists of the left half of the transverse colon, descending colon, splenic flexure and sigmoid. The rectum is the last anatomic segment before the anus. The human colon were shown in Figure1.The main functions of the colon is to make suitable environment for the growth of colonic microorganisms, storage reservoir of faecal contents, expulsion of the contents of the colon at an appropriate time and absorption of potassium and water from the lumen. The absorptive capacity is very high, at about 2000ml of fluid enters the colon through the ileocecal valve from which more than 90% of the fluid is absorbed6. The colon is involved in fermentation of polysaccharides and proteins, absorption of water and electrolytes and the formation, storage and elimination of faecal material. As a consequence of the functions of the colon, the colonic environment is generally viscous in nature. This could impact on the performance of drugs and delivery systems in this region of gut. Rapid water absorption in the ascending colon results in the distal colonic contents being more viscous. It has been estimated that the human colon contains only 220g of wet contents. In addition colon has a near neutral pH and is home to a viable microflora. These bacteria are involved in the fermentation of polysaccharides and proteins that have escaped digestion in the upper gut. Moreever the resident bacteria can also metabolize drug. The protein based drugs, insulin and calcitonin are rapidly degraded in simulated colonic contents5. Fig 1: Anatomy of colon Factors influencing colonic drug delivery: Physiological factors: 1. Transit through gastro intestinal tract Orally taken dosage forms first enters into stomach and small intestine via mouth and then reach colon. The nature and pH of the stomach affects the drug release and absorption. In order to effectively deliver tablet to colon in an intact form, the drug delivery systems should bypass the barriers in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrointestinal transit varies from 1 hr to 3 hrs depending upon the condition fasting or non-fasting respectively. In general, the small intestinal transit is not influenced by the physical state, size of the dosage form. The mean transit time of the dosage form is about 3-4 hours in order to reach the ileocecal junction and the time period is inconsistent. During this time the dosage form is exposed to enzymes present in small intestine. Compared to the other region of GIT, movement of material through the colon is slow. Total time for transit tends to be highly variable and influenced by number of factors such as diet particularly dietary fibre content , mobility, stress, disease condition and drugs. The colonic transit time is ranging from 20 to 30 hours, can be increase in presence of active disease 50 to 70 hours. Longer residence time with subsequent longer transit time and the contact of dosage form with micro flora in colon govern the release and improve absorption of drug from dosage form.7 Table 1: Transit time of dosage forms in GIT Organ Transit time(hr) Stomach >3 (fed) Small intestine 3-4 Large intestine 20-30 2. pKa of the drug, lipophilicity and gastrointestinal pH: The pH partition theory explains the process of drug absorption from the GIT and its distribution across all biological membranes. It states that for drug molecules of molecular weight greater than 100, which are mainly transported across the biological membranes by passive diffusion, the process of absorption is governed by: 1) The dissociation constant (pKa) of the drug. 2) The lipophilicity of unionized drug. 3) The pH at the absorption site. Since most of the drugs are weak electrolytes (weak acids or weak bases), their degree of ionization depends upon the pH of the biological fluid. If the pH on the either side of the membrane is different, then the compartment in which pH favors greater ionization of the drug will contain greater amount of drug, and only the unionized form of drug, if adequately lipid soluble, allowed to permeate the membrane passively until the concentration of unionized drug on both side of the membrane becomes equal i.e. until equilibrium is attained. The above statement of the hypothesis was on the basis of the assumptions that: 1) The GIT is a simple lipoidal barrier to the transport of drug. 2) Larger the fraction of unionized drug, faster the absorption(D. M. Brahmankar et al 2009). 3.pH of colon The pH of GIT varies in each individual. The food intakes, diseased state, etc.influences the pH of the GIT. This change in the pH in different regions of GIT is the basis for the development of colon targeted drug delivery systems. Coating with different polymers is done to target the drug to the site. Table 2: pH in different regions of gastrointestinal tract Part of GIT Ph Stomach (before meal) 1-2 Stomach (during digestion) 4 Smll intestine 6-7 Duodenum 6.6+0.5 Ileum 7.5+0.4 Caecum 6.4+0.4 Colon 5.5-7 Rectum 7 4. Colonic microflora A number of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are present throghout entire length of the human GI tract. Over 400 different bacterial species have been found, 20-30% of which are of the genus bacteroids. The upper region of the GIT has a very small number of bacteria and predominantly consists of gram positive bacteria. The rate of microbial growth is greatest in the proximal areas because of high concentration of energy source. Concentration of microflora is generally about1011-1022 CFU/ml. It consists of Bacteroids, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium and Clostridium. Chief metabolic reactions carried by the enzymes released from colonic microflora are hydrolysis and reduction. Table 3: Different microflora, enzymes and their actions Enzyme Microorganism Metabolic reactions catalysed Nitroreductase E. coli, Bacteroids Reduced aromatic and heterocyclic nitro compounds Azoreductase Clostridia, Lactobacilli, E.coli Reduced cleavage of azo compounds N oxide reductase, Sulphoxide reductase E. coli Reduced N oxides and sulphoxides Hydrogenase Clostridia, Lactobacilli Reduced carbonyl groups and aliphatic double bonds Esterases and amidases E. coli,P. vulgaris, B.subtilis, B. mycoides Cleavage of esters or amidases of carboxylic acid Glucosidase Clostridia, Eubacteria Cleavage of b- glycosidase of alcohols and phenols Glucoronidase E.coli, A. aerogenes Cleavage of b glycosidase of alcohols and phenols Sulphatase Eubacteria, streptococci Cleavage of O-sulfates and sulfamates Phamaceutical factors a) Drug candidate Drugs which show poor absorption in the stomach and intestine are most suitable for colon delivery. Drugs such as theophylline, nifedipine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol, isoosorbide dinitrate, oxyprenolol and low molecular weight peptides and Peptide like drugs have been shown to be effectively absorbed from the colon. b) Drug carrier The selection of carrier for a particular drug candidate depends on the physicochemical nature of the drug as well as the disease for which the system is to be utilized. The factors such as chemical nature, stability and partition coefficient of drug and the type of absorption enhancers influences the carrier selection.9 Table 3: Drugs in colon targeted drug delivery Sr. No. Criteria Pharmacological class Drug and active agents 1 Drug used for local effect in colon Anti-inflammatory Drugs Oxyprenolol, Metoprolol, Nifedipine, Diclofenac, Sodium, Amylin, Antisense Oligonucleotide, 2 Drugs poorly absorbed from upper GIT Antihypertensive and antianginal drugs Ibuprofen, Isosorbides, Theophylline, Desmopressin Cyclosporine A, 3 Drugs for colon cancer Antineoplastics Pseudoephedrine, epoetin, Glucagon 4 Drugs that degrade in stomach and small intestine Peptides and proteins Bromopheniramine, 5 Flurouracil, Doxorubicin, Gonadoreline, Insulin, Interferones 5 Drugs that undergo extensive first pass metabolism Nitroglycerin and corticosteroids Nimustine, Bleomycin, Nicotine, Dexamethasone, protirelin, Sermorelin, Molgramoatim, Salotonin.

Affirmative Action :: Essays Papers

Affirmative Action President John F. Kennedy used the phrase "affirmative action" in March of 1961, when he put into effect Executive Order 10925. The order required every federal contract to include the pledge that "The Contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Contractor will take affirmative action, to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." However, in 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson felt that in order to achieve fairness more was need than just a commitment to impartial treatment. Months later, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which stated that "It is the policy of the Government of the United States to provide equal opportunity in federal employment for all qualified persons, to prohibit discrimination in employment because or race, creed, color or national origin, and to promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, continuing program in each department and agency." Two years later, the order was amended to prohibit discrimination based on sex. Today, it is argued that the affirmative action policy has resulted in reverse discrimination, as well as an increase in racial tension. Those in opposition feel that it is undemocratic to give one class of citizens advantages at the expense of other citizens. They feel this policy promotes quotas rather than qualifications. They believe that discrimination on some level is a part of everyone's life and is an inescapable part of forming preferences and taste. Those in favor of affirmative action state that it is not about preferential treatment for certain racial, gender, or ethnic groups, but rather about promoting equality and equal opportunities for everyone. Defenders feel this policy helps level the field for women and minorities that historically have been overlooked and discriminated against. The issue of affirmative action is a sore subject in society. I have mixed feelings on the policy; it can be beneficial as well as harmful to those affected by it. As a woman in the workforce, it is reality to me that segregation based on sex does exist, as well as a wage gap. I feel that women will benefit more from a free market system rather than one controlled by government regulation. In order to meet their quota, employers will promote women and minorities too quickly or into positions, they are not qualified for.

China and India’s Youth Demographics and Trends Essay

As the United States continue to grow over the years, it is certain that we should also acknowledge that other countries will be expanding also. We tend to focus how each country is growing in technology but there are many other trends that we are forgetting. Youths in China and India tend to follow their own trends. We will discuss China and India by describing the products (goods and services) that interest their youth markets, comparing and contrasting the micro- and macro-environmental forces that can influence the marketing strategies for these products, and analyzing the marketing strategies of these two countries and compare them with Western-based consumption marketers. It has been projected that in the near future the youth in China is going to be the main part of consumer spending in that country alone. The current population of the People’s Republic of China is estimated to be about 1,390,510,630. China’s population makes up around 19.3% of the world’s population (World Population Statistics, 2014). According to The Hindu (2014), the population in the age-group of 15-34 increased from 353 million in 2001 to 430 million in 2011. Every third person in an Indian city today is a youth (Shivakumar, 2014). The most significant component to successful marketing is to gain the loyalty of the youth. Today’s consumers relate to brands that help define who they are and who they will like to be in the future. The youth in China are now deciding what they want for their own lives. In the past, their parents and elders were deciding and choosing what was best for them. The families did not have much money. Unlike the youths in the U.S., the youths in China are more focused on more of what they need. They want to figure themselves out and define who they are. They are finding more way to individualize themselves and be unique. Most consumers under the age of 28 are not good at saving money. This is because they figure that they will not have to worry about anything in the future. People tend to worry about things when the problem arise, instead of preventing the problem ahead of time. In a recent survey, people said they know they will be getting between a 10 to 20 percent increase in their annual salaries. Therefore, their spending is based mostly on enjoyment. Each generation is different. The goods and services that the youth in China and India are interested in are definitely not the same as before. There are so many new technological advances that have come about. Today’s generation is more about convenience, quality, and speed. Marketers these days have finally figured out that in order to have the continuous interest of the youth consumers, they have to provide the proper goods and services. These goods and services may include: music, technology, and fashion. The western-style basis of consumption is basically all about spending more money. For instance, most young people care more about having and upgraded popular phone, and a rather expensive car. To many of the youth, image is definitely everything. Since marketing strategies now are more in tuned with advertising in ways that the youths are accustomed to, it becomes easier to attract youth consumers. It is like this in both China and India. The U.S. is now doing the same things. I see so many opportunities for the U.S. companies. These companies could do so much more, especially when it comes to the youth. The youth rules everything these days. They are into fashion, music, and especially technology. Companies can play into these interests. If these companies could learn how to advertise better; there business and profits would be booming. In conclusion, the youth in China and India are dominating. Companies are seeing an increase in profit because the youths in today’s market are beginning to take over and the most significant component to successful marketing is to gain the loyalty of the youth. China and India are the top highly populated countries. And because of this, business and money is a little better for them. The most significant component to successful marketing is to gain the loyalty of the youth. References Shivakumar, G. (2014). India is set to become the youngest country by 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2014 from http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-is-set-to-become-the-youngest-country-by-2020/article4624347.ece World Population Statistics. (2014). Population of China 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014 from

ESL Lesson Plan for Short Field Trips

ESL Lesson Plan for Short Field Trips Short field trips to local businesses can help English learners begin to try out their language skills. However, it is a good idea to make sure that your students are prepared before taking these short field trips. This lesson plan helps provide structure to what can quickly become a rather overwhelming event without specific objectives for the field trip. This lesson is meant for classes which are held in English speaking countries. However, there are also a few ideas in the lesson notes on ways in which the lesson might be changed for short field trips in countries in which English is not the primary language. Aim: Developing speaking skills/practicing interactions with native speakers other than the teacherActivity: Short field trips to local businesses/government offices/other sites of interestLevel: All levels except for absolute beginners Lesson Outline Begin the lesson with a short warm up. Ideally, tell the students about the first time you did some shopping or tried to accomplish some task in a foreign language. Ask some of the students to quickly share their own experiences. Using the board, ask students to describe reasons for some of their difficulties. As a class, look for suggestions on how they might plan ahead to deal with such problems in the future. Inform students of the rough outline of your planned short field trip. If there are issues surrounding permission slips, transportation, etc. discuss these at the end of the lesson rather than at this point in the lesson. Choose a theme for the short field trip. If you are going shopping, students should be gathering information around a specific theme. For example, students might look into purchasing a home theater system. One group could explore the options for TVs, another group options for surround sound, another group blue-ray players, etc. Other tasks for short field trips could include: Gathering information on health insurance optionsTrips to the zooVisiting the local employment officePlanning a meal together by going to the marketVisiting a local gym to find out information on workout possibilities, facilities, etc.Visiting a local tourist information centerGoing to a local event such as a state fair As a class, create a list of the tasks that should be accomplished on the short field trip. Its probably a good idea to have already created a basic list on your own before class to get the ideas flowing. Have students break up into groups of three to four. Ask each group to identify a specific task they would like to accomplish from the list you have developed. Have each group divide their own tasks up into at least four separate components. For example, in the example of a visit to a large retailer in order to buy a home theater system, the group responsible for researching TV options might have three tasks: 1) Which size is best for which living situation 2) Which cables are required 3) Warranty possibilities 4) Payment options After each student has chosen a specific task, have them write out questions they think they should ask. This would be a great opportunity to review various question forms such as direct questions, indirect questions, and question tags. Circulate in the room helping students with their questions. Ask each group to role-play the situation switching roles between salesperson, tourist agency representative, employment officer, etc. (depending on the context) Follow-up In Class Here are some ideas to use as follow-up exercises in class or as homework to help solidify what students have learned on their short field trips: Create short role-plays based on their experiencesDraw up vocabulary trees employing new vocabulary used/studied during their preparations and short field tripAsk other students in smalls group to take their roles while they take the role of the shop assistant, employment agency personnel, etc.Short writing assignments summarizing their experienceGroup reports back to class Variations on Field Trips for Non-English Speaking Countries If you dont live in an English speaking country, here are some variations on short field trips: Have students take short field trips to each others place of business. Students ask each other the appropriate questions.Visit local businesses, but have students role-play shop assistant - customer/employment agency officer - citizen/etc.Take short field trips online. There are many sites that offer real-time chat. Have students take advantage of these sites to gather information.

Organizational Change And Resistance To Change Essays - Management

Organizational Change And Resistance To Change Essays - Management organizational change and resistance to change Future generations, looking back on the last years of the twentieth century, will see a contradictory picture of great promise and equally at great uncertainty. The 1990's have all the symptoms of a "turning point" in world history, a moment when many of the structural "givens" of social development themselves become problematic and world society undergoes profound reorganization. These developments occur within a frame work of rapidly expanding social and economic interdependence on a global scale. Organizations evolve through periods of incremental or evolutionary change. The major work changes happening today are changes in organizational strategy, organizational structure and design, technology and human resources. A change in organizational strategy is an attempt to alter the organization's alignment with it's environment. Mercedes, for example, is going to introduce this year the new Classe A, which is more oriented to the new young generation who wants to own a Mercedes. Though Mercedes wants to keep its image of a high class car producer, it overtook this new strategy to reinforce its presence in the market. Organization change might also focus on any of the basic components of organization structure or on the organization whole design. Nobuhiko Kawamoto, president of Honda, recently reorganized the Japanese automaker's management hierarchy. He drew up a new organization chart, he created a planning board and he has taken steps to empower lower-level workers. All this in order to adapt better to the fierce market of car making. Because of the rapid rate of all technological innovation, technological changes are becoming increasingly important to many organizations. One major area of change involves equipment, thus a change in work processes or work activities maybe necessary. Timex, for example, 3-D design software from Toronto based software Alias Research Inc. to be able to turn out watches faster. Organization control systems may also be targets of such a change. Another area of organization change has to do with human resources. An organization might decide to change the skill-level of its work force and the level of performance of its workers. Perceptions and expectations, attitudes and values are also a common focus on organizational change. Organizational change is anticipated or triggered because of different changing circumstances, an organization might incur a change because of forces bending its environment. These forces might be either external or internal. The external forces derive from the organization's general or task environments. The general environment is parted into different dimensions: the international, the economic, the technological, the socio-cultural and the political-legal dimension. A good example is Russia's shift from a communist country to a capitalistic one. This shift affected organizations inside and outside Russia, on the economical and political-legal levels, organizations inside the country had to take on drastic changes to flow with the environment nationally and internationally. On an international level, international organizations saw in Russia an interesting potential market. As for the task environment it includes competitors, customers, suppliers, regulators and strategic allies. Pepsi Lebanon had always been the only cola producer in the country since the early 1970's, until lately Coca-Cola entered the market once more. Pepsi realizing the danger of its competitor launched a new marketing strategy to keep its customers. The internal forces are mainly related to the organization's internal environment but some internal forces might be reflections of external ones. All organizations will experience change at one time or another. Obviously, expanding the boundaries of exchange and cultural contact creates both opportunity and risk. The challenges for managers is to adapt properly the culture and the strategy of their organizations to its current environment. Unfortunately, management isn't working as it should: in a telling statistic, leading practitioners of radical corporate reengineering report that success rates are between 20% and 80%. Determined managers follow up with plans for process improvement. Managers look for enthusiasm, acceptance and commitment, but it gets something less. Hence, communication breaks down, implementation plans miss their mark and results fall short. This happens often enough that we have to ask why and how we can avoid these failures. Although each company's particular circumstances account for, some of the problems have common roots: n Managers and employees view change differently: top level management sees change as an opportunity to strengthen the business and to advance in their

BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS MODELS AND PLANNING - Essay Example h clients, suppliers, and other stakeholders in the businesses, and distribute their products, which led to the establishment of new business structures (Nielsen & Lund 23). Internet-based business models led to the improvement in efficiencies and the establishment of new distribution channels for many businesses such as in the banking industry. With the crashing of the tech stock in the late 90s, the perception that anything dot-com was profitable changed. Dot-com companies and indeed many businesses realized that their presence in the web was no guarantee that they were going to be profitable. As a result, businesses had to come up with new business models so as to improve their attractiveness and ensure their survival. Organizations had therefore to come up with new strategies and structures that would see them allocate resources in new ways to fulfill both short and long term business goals. Many scholars also delved into the subject of business modeling with the aim of coming up with profit-formulas for e-businesses (Nielsen & Lund 23). For example, Afuah and Tucci postulated that the profit formular revolved around production, mark-up, commission, and advertising. An organigraph is an organizational diagram that is dedicated to demonstrating how an organization works; how products, information and individuals interact within the organization (Nielsen & Lund 25). In this respect, like the organizational diagram or chart, the organigraph may present the formal organization of the business as well as its actions. While the organigraph has a set and chain like the traditional organizational chart, it also includes the hub (which serves as a centre for coordination) and the web (which presents the link between different aspects of the organization). On the other hand, the business model helps in structuring and addressing main issues that surround the business including such things as the organizational values, culture, and governance (Nielsen & Lund 24). In

Reading Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reading Log - Essay Example Pickpockets are individuals who are skilled in stealing other people’s sweat. The actions of these individuals are immoral, since they are not in harmony with the laws of ethics that governs relationship of individuals in the society. They vigorously take what does not belong to them, and considers it as theirs. The protagonist in the film Pickpocket is a young a man named Michael. His perceptions towards crime are that individuals possessing high intellectual capacities should not be held accountable for their doings. He takes this theory into practice by snatching wallets from individuals. In the beginning, Michael encounters difficulty in his pick pocketing tendencies as he is constantly arrested by police officers. Moreover, life is unfair to him because he lacks the knack to live luxuriously. He is ashamed of visiting his sick mother in the hospital. Instead, he resorts to develop a love interests on a woman he clearly knows he can not date. The situation gets worse when even the apartment he resides in depicts his deteriorating financial status (Cunneen, 2004, p.73). However, his continuous practice and intelligence in pick pocketing exalts him to a status where he changes his life style. He develops a sense of fashion in his dressing and becomes mildly mannered. These traits make it impossible for outside individuals, and even neighbors to group him as a pickpocket. Michael’s first encounter as a pickpocket was when he stole money from a lady’s handbag at a Paris racetrack. He was propelled to become a mastermind in pickpocket by his own compulsion. The story ends when Michael is torn between making choices. He is locked up in a cell, and the only person who pays him a visit, is his mother. His freedom of choosing between his mother and his habits are limited in the end because he lacks the freedom of choosing, since he is sentenced to prison (Cunneen, 2004, p.71). L’ Argent (â€Å"Money†)

Employee relations-Japan Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee relations-Japan - Speech or Presentation Example include labour market deregulation, changes in nature of employment such as employment duration and permanence, wealth distribution inequality, changes in firm governance, and performance-related pay. Labour market deregulation involves measures by the government and policy makers to simplify and reduce restrictions on already existing labour regulations. The main focus of labour deregulation is to improve productivity and easing employee work. Additionally, labour deregulation seeks to achieve lower prices yet maintaining maximum efficiency and productivity. For example, in Japan there has been laws that facilitate adoption of agency workers who are in most cases women and migrants hence incur less costs in terms of wages. However, this has been met by opposition terming the government as inefficient since this policies are arguably in contrast with the 1985 amendments to the LSL seeking to reduce working hours for women (Kato & Kodama 2014, p.11). In the past, large firms in Japan had adopted a culture of recruiting young people, either fresh from universities or the final year, without necessarily seeking job experience. These young people normally remained in the firms as their career develop within the form by gaining promotions (Firkola 2011, p.2). As a result, this system has given employees a sense of belonging in the respective firms bringing hence feeling as part of the firm and consequently increasing production levels. However, with recent policies has forced a drop on the number of recruitments by the large firms and long term employments have also dropped significantly. Atypical employment refers to employment that is not permanent such as employments on the basis of a fixed term. This implies that after the agreed duration the contract can be either terminated or renewed. One of the emerging issues in Japan in the modern day is adoption of atypical employment. This can be attributed to the increased need to reduce production costs yet maintaining

Cult and cult leader Essay Example for Free

Cult and cult leader Essay Cult† is a term used to describe certain religious groups outside of the mainstream of Western religion. A cut leader is non-Christian but has roots in Christianity while denying what he considered its essential teaching or can be one who follows an altogether different religious structure, one foreign and alien to the prevalent religious communities . in the in the case of the latter cults represent a force of religious innovation within a culture. In most cases that innovation comes about by the transplantation of a religion from a different culture by the immigration of some of its members and leaders. Others described cults as groups which hypnotized or brainwashed recruits, destroyed their ability to make rational judgments and turned them into slaves of the groups leader, as by the above definition Healter was cult leader since he practiced and allowed some of these practices which are associated with cult leaders ; Members swear total allegiance to an all-powerful leader who they believe to be the Messiah, rational thought is discouraged or forbidden, the cults recruitment techniques are often deceptive, the cult weakens the follower psychologically by making him or her depend upon the group to solve his or her problems, the cults manipulate guilt to their advantage, the cult leader makes all the career and life decision of the members, cults exist only for their own material survival and make false promises to work to improve society, cult members often work fulltime for the group for little or no pay, cults are apocalyptic and believe themselves to be the remnant who will sur vive the soon-approaching end of the world. There are many things condick david crashed with the gorverment on appointment post also on issues facing religion. Reference: 1. Elmer Clarks pioneering survey of the Small Sects in America (1949) . .

The Industrial Revolution :: European Europe History

The Industrial Revolution Examine in detail the History of the Industrial Revolution. Discuss why Britain led the way in the Industrial Revolution and also explain in detail the effects of industrialization on society. Had it not been for the industrial revolution, I would doubt very much that we would enjoy the technology we have in the year 2000. The reason we have this technology is that between the years 1750 and 1914 a great change in the world's history was made. People started to discover faster methods of producing goods, which increased their economy. These people were mainly British and French, but after a few years the French were distracted by their revolution, and the British continued to industrialize. However you must not think this industrialization had no effects on society because it did. So in this essay I am going to talk about the history of the industrial revolution, discuss why Britain led the way in the industrial revolution and also I am going to explain to you in detail the effects of industrialization on society. In the midevel ages people were living in total darkness, and they did not know what was going on in the world around them. Happily the medieval ages were followed by the renaissance. Then came the year 1750, the year of the agricultural revolution in Britain which led away to a revolution in industry. Charles Townshend for example was one of the people who made the agricultural revolution possible. He suggested rotating the crops every year or two, to help the soil get enriched with vitamins and nutrition's. The America's then introduced potatoes to Great Britain. New farm machines were invented, for example Jethro Tull developed a seed drill which planted seeds in straight rows and farmers began using new iron plows in place of inofitiant wooden plows. In addition to that, the enclosure movement brought wealthy people to farm larger amounts of land, which was very good for the agricultural revolution. This revolution improved peoples diet and health leading to an increased populati on, which demanded healthy food, clothing and employment. Since many farmers were seeking jobs, they found it now in the textile industry, which created a new demand for laborers. You shall notice now that the mechanical inventions were so rapid and each one triggered another new one. A few examples of these inventions are the flying shuttle by John Kay, the spinning jenny by James Hargraves, the water frame by Richard Akriwght, the power loom by Edward Cartwight, Samuel Cromptons spinning mule, and Eli Whitney's cotton gin.